Essential Questions For Ancient Egypt
The British men in the business of colonizing the North American continent were so certain they "owned whatsoever country they state on" (yes, that's from Pocahontas), they established new colonies by simply drawing lines on a map.
Then, anybody living in the at present-claimed territory, became a office of an English colony.
And of all the lines drawn on maps in the 18th century, perhaps the most famous is the Mason-Dixon Line.
What is the Bricklayer-Dixon Line?
The Mason-Dixon Line also called the Mason and Dixon Line is a boundary line that makes upward the border between Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. Over fourth dimension, the line was extended to the Ohio River to make upwardly the entire southern border of Pennsylvania.
Merely information technology besides took on additional significance when it became the unofficial border betwixt the Due north and the South, and perhaps more than chiefly, between states where slavery was allowed and states where slavery had been abolished.
READ MORE: The History of Slavery: America's Blackness Marker
Where is the Stonemason-Dixon Line?
For the cartographers in the room, the Mason and Dixon Line is an due east-due west line located at 39ยบ43'twenty" North starting s of Philadelphia and east of the Delaware River. Bricklayer and Dixon resurveyed the Delaware tangent line and the Newcastle arc and in 1765 began running the east-west line from the tangent point, at approximately 39°43′ Northward.
For the residuum of u.s.a., information technology's the edge between Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Virginia. The Pennsylvania–Maryland border was defined as the line of latitude 15 miles (24 km) southward of the southernmost firm in Philadelphia.
Mason-Dixon Line Map
Take a look at the map beneath to see exactly where the Mason Dixon Line is:
Why Is information technology Called the Mason-Dixon Line?
It is chosen the Bricklayer and Dixon Line because the two men who originally surveyed the line and got the governments of Delaware, Pennsylvania and Maryland to agree, were named Charles Stonemason and Jeremiah Dixon.
Jeremiah was a Quaker and from a mining family unit. He showed a talent early on for maths and and so surveying. He went downwardly to London to be taken on by the Imperial Social club, just at a time when his social life was getting a bit out of hand.
He was a bit of a lad by all accounts, not your typical Quaker, and never married. He enjoyed socialising and carousing and was actually expelled from the Quakers for his drinking and keeping loose company.
Mason's early life was more sedate past comparison. At the historic period of 28 he was taken on by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich as an assistant. Noted as a "meticulous observer of nature and geography" he afterwards became a fellow of the Royal Gild.
Mason and Dixon arrived in Philadelphia on xv November 1763. Although the war in America had concluded some two years earlier, there remained considerable tension between the settlers and their native neighbours.
The line was not called the Mason-Dixon Line when it was outset drawn. Instead, it got this proper name during the Missouri Compromise, which was agreed to in 1820.
Information technology was used to reference the boundary between states where slavery was legal and states where information technology was not. After this, both the name and its understood meaning became more than widespread, and it eventually became part of the border between the seceded Amalgamated States of America and Union Territories.
Why Do We Have a Mason-Dixon Line?
In the early days of British colonialism in Northward America, land was granted to individuals or corporations via charters, which were given by the rex himself.
However, fifty-fifty kings tin brand mistakes, and when Charles Two granted William Penn a charter for land in America, he gave him territory that he had already granted to both Maryland and Delaware! What an idiot!?
William Penn was a author, early member of the Religious Order of Friends (Quakers), and founder of the English N American colony the Province of Pennsylvania. He was an early advocate of commonwealth and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Native Americans.
Under his management, the city of Philadelphia was planned and adult. Philadelphia was planned out to be grid-like with its streets and be very easy to navigate, unlike London where Penn was from. The streets are named with numbers and tree names. He chose to apply the names of trees for the cross streets because Pennsylvania means "Penn'southward Wood".
But in his defense, the map he was using was inaccurate, and this threw everything out of whack. At beginning, it wasn't a huge outcome since the population in the area was and then sparse there were not many disputes related to the border.
Simply as all the colonies grew in population and sought to aggrandize w, the matter of the unresolved border became a much more than prominent in mid-Atlantic politics.
The Feud
In colonial times, as in modernistic times, too, borders and boundaries were disquisitional. Provincial governors needed them to ensure they were collecting their due taxes, and citizens needed to know which land they had a correct to merits and which belonged to someone else (of course, they didn't seem to mind too much when that 'someone else' was a tribe of Native Americans).
The dispute had its origins almost a century before in the somewhat disruptive proprietary grants by King Charles I to Lord Baltimore (Maryland) and by Male monarch Charles Ii to William Penn (Pennsylvania and Delaware). Lord Baltimore was an English language nobleman who was the kickoff Proprietor of the Province of Maryland, 9th Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland and 2nd of the colony of Province of Avalon to its southeast. His title was "First Lord Proprietary, Earl Palatine of the Provinces of Maryland and Avalon in America".
A problem arose when Charles II granted a charter for Pennsylvania in 1681. The grant defined Pennsylvania's southern edge as identical to Maryland's northern border, but described information technology differently, as Charles relied on an inaccurate map. The terms of the grant clearly indicate that Charles Ii and William Penn believed the 40th parallel would intersect the Twelve-Mile Circle around New Castle, Delaware, when in fact it falls due north of the original boundaries of the City of Philadelphia, the site of which Penn had already selected for his colony'south capital letter urban center. Negotiations ensued afterward the problem was discovered in 1681.
As a result, solving this border dispute became a major result, and information technology became an fifty-fifty bigger bargain when violent disharmonize broke out in the mid-1730s over land claimed past both people from Pennsylvania and Maryland. This little event became known as Cresap'south State of war.
To stop this madness, the Penns, who controlled Pennsylvania, and the Calverts, who were in charge of Maryland, hired Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to survey the territory and describe a purlieus line to which anybody could agree.
But Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon but did this because the Maryland governor had agreed to a border with Delaware. He later argued the terms he signed to were not the ones he had agreed to in person, but the courts fabricated him stick to what was on newspaper. Ever read the fine print!
This agreement fabricated it easier to settle the dispute between Pennsylvania and Maryland because they could use the now established purlieus betwixt Maryland and Delaware every bit a reference. All they had to do was extend a line west from the southern boundary of Philadelphia, and…
The Mason-Dixon Line was born.
Limestone markers measuring up to 5ft (1.5m) high – quarried and transported from England – were placed at every mile and marked with a P for Pennsylvania and Chiliad for Maryland on each side. So-called Crown stones were positioned every 5 miles and engraved with the Penn family'southward coat of arms on one side and the Calvert family'southward on the other.
Later, in 1779, Pennsylvania and Virginia agreed to extend the Mason-Dixon Line westward by five degrees of longitude to create the border betwixt the two colines-turned-states (Past 1779, the American Revolution was underway and the colonies were no longer colonies).
In 1784, surveyors David Rittenhouse and Andrew Ellicott and their coiffure completed the survey of the Mason–Dixon line to the southwest corner of Pennsylvania, v degrees from the Delaware River.
Rittenhouse's coiffure completed the survey of the Bricklayer–Dixon line to the southwest corner of Pennsylvania, five degrees from the Delaware River. Other surveyors continued west to the Ohio River. The section of the line between the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania and the river is the canton line between Marshall and Wetzel counties, Due west Virginia.
In 1863, during the American Ceremonious War, Due west Virginia separated from Virginia and rejoined the Spousal relationship, only the line remained equally the edge with Pennsylvania.
Information technology's updated several times throughout history, the most recent being during the Kennedy Administration, in 1963.
The Mason-Dixon Line'due south Place in History
The Mason–Dixon line along the southern Pennsylvania border later became informally known every bit the boundary between the free (Northern) states and the slave (Southern) states.
It is unlikely that Mason and Dixon ever heard the phrase "Stonemason–Dixon line". The official report on the survey, issued in 1768, did not even mention their names. While the term was used occasionally in the decades following the survey, it came into pop utilize when the Missouri Compromise of 1820 named "Mason and Dixon'southward line" as part of the boundary between slave territory and free territory.
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was United States federal legislation that stopped northern attempts to forever prohibit slavery's expansion past admitting Missouri as a slave state in exchange for legislation which prohibited slavery n of the 36°thirty′ parallel except for Missouri. The 16th United States Congress passed the legislation on March 3, 1820, and President James Monroe signed information technology on March six, 1820.
At kickoff glance, the Bricklayer and Dixon Line doesn't seem like much more than a line on a map. Plus, it was created out of a conflict brought on past poor mapping in the outset place…a trouble more lines aren't likely to solve.
Simply despite its lowly status as a line on a map, information technology eventually gained prominence in United States history and collective memory because of what it came to hateful to some segments of the American population.
It beginning took on this meaning in 1780 when Pennsylvania abolished slavery. Over time, more northern states would exercise the same until all u.s.a. n of the line did not allow slavery. This made it the edge between slave states and gratuitous states.
Perhaps the biggest reason this is significant has to do with the underground resistance to slavery that took identify almost from the institution's inception. Slaves who managed to escape from their plantations would attempt to make their style due north, past the Mason-Dixon Line.
However, in the early years of U.s.a. history, when slavery was still legal in some Northern states and fugitive slave laws required anyone who plant a slave to return him or her to their owner, meaning Canada was frequently the last destination. All the same it was no undercover the journeying got slightly easier later crossing the Line and making information technology into Pennsylvania.
Because of this, the Bricklayer-Dixon Line became a symbol in the quest for liberty. Making it across significantly improved your chances of making it to freedom.
Today, the Mason-Dixon Line does not have the same significance (obviously, since slavery is no longer legal) although it still serves every bit a useful demarcation in terms of American politics.
The "Southward" is still considered to offset beneath the line, and political views and cultures tend to alter dramatically in one case past the line and into Virginia, W Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and so on.
Beyond this, the line still serves equally the border, and anytime two groups of people tin agree on a border for a long time, everyone wins. There's less fighting and more peace.
The Line and Social Attitudes
Because when studying the United States history the most racist stuff ever comes from the South, it'south like shooting fish in a barrel to fall into the trap of thinking the North was as progressive as the South was racist.
Merely this merely isn't truthful. Instead, people in the North were but every bit racist, but they went about it in different ways. They were more subtle. Sneakier. And they were quick to judge Southern racist, pushing attending away from them.
In fact, segregation still existed in many northern cities, especially when it came to housing, and attitudes towards blacks were far from warm and welcoming. Boston, a city very much in the North, has had a long history of racism, yet Massachusetts was one of the first states to abolish slavery.
As a issue, to say the Mason-Dixon Line separated the land by social attitude is a gross mischaracterization.
formulanone from Huntsville, United States [CC Past-SA ii.0
Information technology's true that blacks were mostly safer in the North than in the Due south, where lynchings and other mob violence were quite common all the way upwards until the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.
But the Stonemason-Dixon Line is best understood as the unofficial edge between the North and the Southward as well as the divider between free and slave states.
The Future of the Stonemason-Dixon Line
Although it still serves every bit the border of 3 states, the Mason-Dixon Line is most likely waning in significance. Its unofficial function equally a border between the Due north and Due south only really remains because of the political differences betwixt the states on each side.
However, the political dynamic in the country is irresolute rapidly, peculiarly as demographics shift. What this will do to the difference betwixt North and South, who knows?
Jbrown620 at English Wikipedia [CC BY-SA 3.0
If we apply history as a guide, it'due south safe to say the line will continue to serve some significance if in zilch else except our collective consciousness. But maps are redrawn constantly. What's a timeless border today can be a forgotten boundary tomorrow. History is yet beingness written.
READ MORE:
The Not bad Compromise of 1787
The Three-Fifths Compromise
Essential Questions For Ancient Egypt,
Source: https://historycooperative.org/mason-dixon-line/
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